Among the worms there are a lot (more than 260 species) of parasitic shapes, which belong to the subtypes of flat and round worms.Parasite worms have been known for a long time by the scientific term Helmintos, in this regard, the branch of parasitology, studying them, was called Helmintology.With the term "helminths", the word "worms", descending from the Latin root, coincides with meaning, which means "slippery."
Representatives of parasitic disease pathogens belong to the kingdom of animals.They parasitate in other living creatures (plants, fungi, animals), and therefore science has emerged the parasitology involved in the study of all parasitic organisms.This is a general parasitology, and Helmintology has already distinguished itself from it, that is, a science that studies diseases caused by parasitic worms.
For the development of parasitic worms, the owner must be necessary, that is, the creature whose body is a constant or temporary habitat of the parasite and at the same time serves as a source of its nutrition.The owners of the parasites are divided into intermediates (in them the Helminto passes the larval stages) and the final (in them and only in them, the Helmint becomes sexually mature, invasive).
Neither a single organ nor a single -person tissue is safe from the possibility of invasion of one or another Helminto, but that is when the parasite is already in the human body.
Others are no less importantHelminesta properties, namely:
- For example, in a Helminto as old, as a ascárido, it is necessary to take into account the action of its anti -envimas: antipepsin and antipsin that violate the digestive process.Volatile substances contained in the inner fluid ascarrid cause several toxic allergic reactions: urticaria, bronchospasm and seizures, tear and headache;
- Development stage (eggs, larva, change of owners);
- Sexual reproduction, in which the exchange of genetic information occurs, and this is the highest stage of development, which leads to an increase in the heterogeneous population, that is, they become less vulnerable and achieved, it is more difficult to "reach" them;
- A great duration of individual life (years, and sometimes as much as the owner of the parasite, and this means the chronic course of heline);
- The ability to support or modify the host’s immune responsiveConditions for the “Terminating” of Endogenous Foci of Infection, If Any Previous It There Were (which, unfortunately, offen Happens) and offe) and off) and off) and offer) and off) and often) and often) "Draza" restricted by the high -level immune system;
- The presence of one or another Helminto of the immune response is weak and unstable, which means that there are practically no immunoprophylaxis methods;
- the broader distribution, many habitats (water, soil, air, plants, etc.);
- The capacity of eggs to persist in the external environment (years) for a long time.
These properties allow one or another to survive in apparently "inhuman" conditions.
The incidence of helminthiasis in the world is extremely high: of almost 6 billion people living on the planet now, 4 billion are beaten by one or another type of helminosis, and given the fact that many of them are "carriers" of several parasites at the same time, the image will become even more impressive.
The reaction of the body
A person with their powerful set of compensatory-adaptive reactions, the immune system, several non-specific protective barriers and subject to the helminto, cannot react to their presence, although sometimes the almost asymptomatic course of helminthiasis is observed.But this is extremely rare, and most of the time you can identify the following:
- Several allergic toxic reactions, often skin.In addition, if the cause of such reactions has no bad luck, and clinical manifestations take place, then, in the first place, an exhaustive examination for the presence of Helmintic invasion is necessary;
- Neuropsychiatric disorders.They are caused by a helmi -invasion, in which toxic substances are constantly entered in the blood, maintaining a certain level of toxin, which leads to irritability, emotional lability, "demotivated" outbreaks of anger, loss of concentration, perseverance, fast fatigue and sleep disorder.The growing general weakness is characteristic.One of the patients, the athlete, complained that "he had no strength to shake a friend's hand in a meeting";
- Dispéptic Syndrome: diverse, from ephemeral symptoms to manifest, including discomfort or abdominal pain, often rare location and intensity, rumble and swelling, and a feeling of exploding in the abdomen;And a change in appetite as in the direction of increasing (one of the reasons for the doctor's disorder is "good appetite, it means that I am healthy") and a significant decrease in appetite, until anorexia;This is a stool disorder from constipation to diarrhea;This is the development of deep multifactorial dysbiosis;
- Many helminths feed on the owner's blood, which are hemophages, absorb vitamin B12 and interrupt the process of absorption of an anti -infinite substance in the small intestine, damage the intestinal mucosa often and shallow, but in a large area.All this leads to chronic blood loss and, in some cases, to the development of anemia (anemia).Here it is necessary to take into account the inhibitory effect of toxins in the hematopoietic organs, which is also important in the development of anemia.With helminthiase, a higher content of eosinophils (leukocyte cells actively involved in allergic reactions) is often detected;
- The presence of helminical invasion, subject to the development of anemia, especially in children, can lead to growth delay and physical underdevelopment, possibly even with greater appetite;
- In children, during planned vaccines, several toxic-allergic reactions after vaccination are often observed;
- Helminthosis often causes an exacerbation of chronic diseases, while the location of the Helminto and the location of the interested body can be completely different in the location in the body;
- Sometimes, in general, it is not very frequent, and perhaps the principle is triggered here that "it is not profitable that no parasite destroys its victim until the end, otherwise it will not be parasitized, having lost and shelter and food overnight", but, without etc., the conditions incompatible with the life of the owner arise.For example, with liver echinocosis, brain finnosis.It should be noted that even the pathogenicity of the Helmins fluctuates widely depending on the object of parasitism.For example, for a person, Echinocok is extremely dangerous, and cattle live safely for many years with organs sprouted with bubbles and anococci that reach a mass of several kilograms.
Characterization of parasite worms
Helmins in the human body do not multiply, with the exception of species such as Cutter, Dwarf Tapeen.Helmint enters the body in the form of eggs or larvae.The direct infection of the people affected by the helminths does not occur, except those who are cars (gimozyocepidosis, environments).
Infection by other Helmintiases occurs through the ground (dirty hands - intestines - ascaridosis), or when the skin contacts the ground (strungyloidosis) or water (schistosomosis), or when eating (shadowarnichhosis, diphyllobotriosis).
In the body, the helminths live in several organs and tissues: in the intestines: ascardians, worms, tapeworms, tape;In the liver - Equinococos, Opistorchi;In the muscles - Trichinella;In the lungs - Paragonimus, in the blood - philles, schistosomas.
Olistorchus Filineus foil
Human or animals infection occurs when raw or dry fish are eaten: already, cockroach, kiss.A parasite bicondelog in the liver and intestines of a person, dog, cats.Changes in the liver are characterized by jaundice, hepatitis, the formation of bile stones, cirrhosis.For prevention purposes, it is not recommended to eat raw or cold fish.
Paragoninus westermani pulmonary bicarry
These biconds live in pairs in the lungs, in cysts formed in the smallest bronchi.The owners are a man, a cat, a dog, a pig.
The infection occurs when eating raw crabs or affected river crabs.A bicondelog penetrates the abdominal cavity, then through the diaphragm, towards the lungs.The clinic is characterized by a stubborn cough, especially in the morning, with the rusty sputum color discharge, possibly with a mixture of blood.When the metastasis of eggs or parasites are affected, the liver, the spleen, the brain are affected.With damage to the clinic's brain, it depends on the location of the parasite (convulsive syndrome, paralysis, seizures).
For preventive purposes, it is not recommended to eat raw crabs and river crabs.
Another class includes flat worms: these are tape worms, which in turn are divided into tape and chain units.
Ribbon worms in the superimposed state are inhabitants of intestinal vertebrates.
Together with similar characteristics inherent to the strip worms, there are also significant differences between the tape and the tapestry.This is especially important in the diagnostic plan, when it is necessary to identify parasites.
In the ribbons, an ice cream tape is released (defillobotrium latum), which causes a disease called dihyllobotriosis.The tape is wide: a giant helminto, which reaches a length of 15 m.It is a killing parasite, lives in the thin intestine of a person, dogs, cats.
A person is infected when he eats insufficiently fried or poorly salty fish (river - ruff, perch, burbot; lake - trout, gray) with living larvae.The infection often occurs through Lucio Live and Fresco Caviar.Some lovers squeeze the abdomen caviar directly in the mouth, and with it the larvae can act, causing infection.
In the clinical image of the Diphyllobotria, dispute disorders prevail: discomfort and pain in the abdomen of unstable location, rumble, nausea, sometimes vomiting, a change in appetite, unstable feces.It is often developed, especially with a long course of the disease, anemia (anemia).With dipilobotriosis, one of the main causes of anemia is vitamin B12 deficiency.
Helmint removes vitamin B12 and other nutrients, sucking them with enthusiasm with the entire surface of your body, which, like the key of the lock, is approaching the joint edge of the intestine and, therefore, increases the suction surface.With the development of anemia, the number of red blood cells decreases, degenerative forms, including macrocytes and megaloblasts appear.This shows that with a latent course of invasion, there are still changes, which in the future can lead to the appearance of malignant anemia with pale wax of the face, skin, acute weakness, tachycardia.
In the diagnosis of diphyllobotriasis, the clinical image of the disease does not always allow the correct diagnosis, therefore, the coprovoscopy method is of great importance here, which allows it to detect the eggs of a wide tape in the feces, which are released in the external environment 3 weeks after the infection.
The eggs come out with the dog's stool and adhere to their wool.They can be listed in a person's mouth and swallow if you caress the infected dog, and then take food with uninformented hands.The same can happen with the kisses of a dog.In northern countries where dogs are the closest domestic animal for humans, equinococosis in people is quite common.
The equinococosis clinic is characterized by pain of pain in the right hypochondrium, where a tumor formation is determined with a smooth round surface and, when breathing, moving with the liver.As a complication of the disease, there may be a suppuration of cysts or cysts, an advance in bile routes, accompanied by acute pain, jaundice, in advanced cases in the liver, multiple abscesses can be formed, which causes deaths.
With lung equinococosis, individual cysts prevail, more often at the bottom of the right lung.In the initial stage, the disease is often diagnosed by accident with an X -ray examination of the chest.Over time, cough, hemoptysis, chest pain.It is observed that the growth of Echinococcus cysts in the lungs is often not lower than the growth rate of malignant tumors.In the diagnosis of equinoxis, the methods of choice are: radiological, ultrasonic studies, tomography, exploration, laparoscopy, serological methods.
For prevention, it is necessary to strictly observe personal hygiene rules by keeping dogs and caring for them;Be sure to wash your hands after contact with the dog;Avoid dogs to the food of a person and their dishes;Limit the direct contact of children and dogs.Wandering dogs are everywhere subject to capture.
The health education of the population is essential.
Dwarf chain - Nana Hymenolepis
The disease that is called hymenolipidosis.The dwarf tape is insignificant in size against a wide tape and reaches a length of only 1-4 cm.
It is noteworthy that the development of the dwarf occurs in an owner, in which the larval stage passes from the beginning, and then becomes sexually mature.Therefore, a person in this case is an intermediate and final teacher.
The main habitat of the TENI is the ileum, and generally parasite many individuals (there are cases of finding approximately one thousand copies in the patient).
In the clinical image, abdominal pain, weight loss, unstable feces, neuropsychiatric disorders (insomnia, seizures, epileptic seizures) prevail.
The diagnosis is confirmed when the eggs of the dwarf are confirmed in the feces, and the release of eggs is often discontinuous, therefore, in the case of a negative result, it is recommended to carry out a study 2-3 times a month.
Prevention: The dwarf dye parasite mainly in children, therefore, in the children's institution where patients have been detected, it is necessary to examine all children and staff the presence of this helminical invasion.This also applies to family members.
We did not give generalized is an invasion as helminic as ascariasis
The causal agent is a human round worm.The old Russian name of the Ascarids is a rope.The figurative popular language with this name, descending from the word "chain", precisely characterizes the flexibility and elasticity of the body of the helminto.Human infection occurs when ripe and invasive eggs with soil particles, when they eat badly washed vegetables and berries, infected fruits, sometimes when drinking open deposit water.
Askarides is related to "restless" helminths, their activity and mobility is a common cause of atypical location.They can be introduced into the appendix, causing the development of acute appendicitis;In liver ducts and pancreas with the development of fever, hepatic colic, abscesses, jaundice, in advanced cases, to the rupture of the liver;Trachey can reach the upper respiratory tract, causing nasal passages and even Eustaquio pipes.The intestinal obstruction caused by a rough tube, or due to the reflex spasm of the intestine, is not excluded, even in the presence of individual parasites.
The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of eggs in the feces, but it should be taken into account that the Ascaroid eggs are absent in the intestinal movements in the presence of immature or old females in the intestines, as well as when they parasitate some males, which is observed in 3.5 % of the cases.Prevention: vegetables and fruits before eating should be washed thoroughly and climb with boiling water, it is not recommended to drink water that is not water.
Another type of nematodosis is enterobiosis.This disease is caused by the vermicularis cutter.
In addition to severe itching in the skin in the perianal region, irritation and combs lead to polymorphic dermatitis.Perhaps the penetration of worms and larvae on urogenital roads, vagina in women.Functional changes in the intestine are characteristic: pain in the right iliac region, diarrhea, decrease in appetite, as well as nervous system disorders with headache, poor sleep, irritability, reduction of performance.
In the diagnosis of enterobiosis, the fact that patients are often important to release plug worms is important.The pin in the intestines does not put eggs, so they are extremely rare in intestinal movements.The main diagnostic method is perianal scraping in several modifications, the "adhesive tape" method.
To prevent enterobiosis, it is necessary to weave children to numb, suck and lick their fingers.The nails should be cut briefly and follow their purity.It is necessary to place the room with wet cleaning and ventilation.The chairs, floor toilets and night pots are poured with boiling water.
The main treatment methods
- Pumpkin seeds
- Extract of male fern, pumpkin seeds, dichlorophane
- Nut
- San Juan's grass is perforated
- Devyasil is high
- 1 teaspoon.Dry rhizomes with scabs insist for 8 hours in 1 glass of cooled boiled water, tension.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
- Boil 20 g of rhizomes with roots in 1 glass of water, insist for 4 hours, tension.Take 1 tablespoon.l.3-4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
- Carrot
- GRABLE VARIOUS ROOT crops in a grater or pass through a meat grinder;Squeeze the juice.Fresh juice before using the mixture with honey or sugar to taste.Take 1 tablespoon.l.2 times a day in the morning in an empty stomach and at night 1-1-1.5 hours before meals.
- 3 tablespoons.l.Boil carrots grated in 1 glass of milk.Take the carrot grout for 1 tablespoon.l.3-4 times a day before meals.
- Sagebrush
- Tansa
- Maria is anti -cubiera
- Birch is warty
- 1 teaspoon.Abylous sprouts insist 1 hour in 1/2 cup of boiling water, tension.The infusion is divided into 3 parts.Drink the entire portion per day in 3 doses.
- Boil 5 g of birch outbreaks for 15 minutes in 1 glass of water, insist for 1 hour, tension.Take 15-20 drops of water 2-3 times a day.
- Daisy
- Medicinal lion tooth
- 1 teaspoon.The roots and herbs of lion tooth are infused for 1 hour in 1 glass of boiling water, tension.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day 1/2 hours before meals.
- León tooth roots (take a dose placed at the tip of a knife) with water 3 times a day 1/2 hours before meals.
- Mistletoe
- 1 teaspoon.Insist to omela in 1 glass of cold water.Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day.
- Boil 30 g in 1 liter of water.Take 1/2 cup 3 times a day.
- Nogal hazelnut
- The garlic is sown
- Siberian larch
- Male fern
- Ordinary Timyan (garden thyme)
- Pumpkin
- Grenade
The mechanism of action: changes the motor activity of the parasite, causing the first relaxation and then the muscle contracture.At the same time, due to retirement waves, the Helminto is expelled.
Application method and dose
Inside.They are mainly used in the presence of contraindications for the use of male fern extract.2 days before treatment, a cleaning enema is prescribed daily in the morning and a salt laxative on the eve of the night.The day of the treatment, with an empty stomach, put an enema regardless of the presence of a chair.
Application method and dose
Inside, children-0.25-0.5 g, adults-1.0-1.5 g;Once a day.Perform 5-7 daily treatment courses with a 7-day interval.A month later, an anti -out -day treatment course is prescribed.
Application method
3 teaspoons.The dry leaves insist on 2 cups of boiling water for 20-30 minutes.Drink hot in several tricks like tea.
Application method
10 g of grass grass of San Juan Dry in 1 glass of boiling water, insist.Take 1 tablespoon 2-4 times a day after meals.
Application method
Application method
In medical practice, dry wormwood inflorescences are used.They rub on a mortar and take in a mixture with sugar, jam, honey, 5 g of "citvar seed (for adults) 3 times a day 1.5-2 hours before meals for 2 days;After the last reception at night, a laxative is prescribed.
Side phenomena for overdose: vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, breathing oppression and heart activity.
Basically, due to toxicity, it is used in adults, and not in children.The centers and essential oil have an antihelmintic effect against nematodes, especially effective for ascaridosis and inrobiosis.For this purpose, dry flowers can be taken in the form of dust, in the form of infusion (1:10), as well as in enemas of the extract of the upper part.And 1 tablespoon.l.3 times a day (with ascaridosis and enterobiosis).
Application method
1 teaspoon.The dry upper part of Marie Anti -glass, together with the fruits, insist on 2 cups of boiling water, tension.Take 1 tablespoon.l.3 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
The decoction of the kidneys has an antihelmintic effect on round worms.
Application method
A decoction is used to expel small worms.
Application method
2 teaspoons.Insist herbs with Niva flower baskets for 4 hours in 1 glass of boiling water, tension.Take 1 tablespoon.l.3-4 times a day.To use a stronger infusion for washing and lotions.
All parts of the plant have an antihelmintic effect.
Application method
The tortilla has an antihelmintic action (in round worms).
Application method
Walnut oil is taken inside as an antihelmutal agent for Ascaride.
The hot garlic decoction is used for antihelmintic enemas.With the worms, a clove of garlic onion is introduced into the anus, which kills the parasites.
AERCLE TREMENINE IS OBTAINED.In popular medicine, treemine is used inside as a remedy for tape worms.
Rizomas have a very effective effect against tape worms.
Timol is obtained from the essential oil of the plant, which acts with tape worms, paralyzing its muscles.
Purified seeds with gray green skin, lost and mixed with water, are consumed against tape worms (Tenia).
Application method
Pumpkin seeds take an empty stomach;Adult dose - 150-200 g, children - 50-100 g.
Adults are prescribed a decoction of 500 g of un pecar seeds, children aged 10.0 g, 5-7 years of 200.0 g, up to 5 years of 100-150.0.0 g.
The consistent purpose of pumpkin seeds in a conventional dose and fern extract in small doses (adults 2.5-3.0 g, children according to age) increases the effectiveness of the treatment.The fern extract is prescribed an hour after taking pumpkin seeds, and after taking the fern extract, it is laxative.
The cortex of the roots and branches of the Granada has a strong paralyzing effect on tape worms.
Application method
1 teaspoon.Boil the perishable coriacea (shell) of fruits or grenade flowers in 1 glass of water, insist for 2 hours, tension.Take 1 tablespoon.l.3 times a day before meals.
It is necessary to start treatment as soon as possible.